Self-determination of Africans in the U.S. Essays - Autonomy

Self-determination of Africans in the U.S. Essays - Autonomy Self-determination of Africans in the U.S. March 23rd, 2015 Intro to Afro-American Studies Dr. Carr Framing Question #3: What are some of the similarities and differences in practices of self- determination of Africans in the U.S. and their counterparts throughout the hemisphere? Abstract: African resistance shaped to local, regional and national elements of the Modern World System social structures. By the late seventeenth and eighteenth century, many African learned how to resist the temptations of slavery. They learned these techniques of resistance from the white people in the United States and the Western Hemisphere. Because they learned such techniques, Africans were able to emerge and started to revolt to resist enslavement. Because of the many sacrifices that Africans had made they were able to sustain their culture, making it the origin of humankind. Africans finally realized that if they were going to overcome enslavement that they had to overcome dominating social structure. Critical Review of Scholarship: In order to answer this framing question, I will be using information from Dr.Carrs lecture and information from the power points that were provided to us as well as the books that were given in the beginning of the semester. African people practiced self-determination in many ways and depending on social structure, they were able to find themselves, according to Cedric Robinson. In order to continue practicing these practice of self-determination they joined alongside the British in the American Revolution. Africans joined alongside the British in hope of obtaining their freedom and finally being considered as civilized and equal people. This book offered an large amount of information on the Africans struggle for resistance of enslavement. Discussion: Africans in the United States had significantly adapted their techniques of resistance to the particular contexts of the emerging U.S. nation-state, even as Africans elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere had done the same in their respective countries/colonies. Instances of maroonage, quilombismo, or other attempts to convene Black spaces in which to self-determine began to follow the racial, class, gender and cultural particularities of the Europeanizing impulses. This abstract of framing question gives segue to what is going to be talked about and looked for when answering this framing question. There were several themes that struck me related to this topic such as maroonage. Maroonage had seemed to be a common way that Africans resisted enslavement. Maroons were said to be small private communities that served as a safe haven for runaway slaves and indentured servants, people where equal and there was no hierarchy. Some similarities between slaves in this hemisphere were the use of culture to resist enslavement, which was through art, music, dance, and literature. Some differences were that Africans that were freed forgot their roots and the foundations in which they came from. This caused a disconnect between traditional Africans and those who were more into the world. Such disconnect cause discord and much disagreement amongst Africans. They did this thinking that the Europeans would accept them into their culture instead they were actually manipulating them and breaking them apart. They continued on the verge of enslaving Africans and selling them for profit. Further Questions: -Why did the Africans that were freed actually think that the Europeans would accept them into their society so easily? -Why didnt the Africans that were freed stick by the other Africans side of those who were not freed?

Latin Lyrics for Christmas Carols

Latin Lyrics for Christmas Carols Singing Christmas carols in Latin is a fun way to celebrate the history of Christmas. Carols have their roots in the 13th century CE, based on secular songs that were popular then. Franciscan friars took the form and music of the pop songs and recast them with religious texts in Latin, for use in strictly religious contexts. Their function was as a type of religious propaganda, and many were sung specifically in holy processions.   By the middle of the 14th century, the texts had been translated into vernacular languages- Middle French and English–and they became secularized again by the 15th century, becoming carols, sung by people outside of religious ceremonies.   Over the subsequent centuries, the text was updated as the languages developed- for examples, as Middle English developed into Modern English- so when you sing a carol in Latin, you can show off your sense of history.  Here are a handful of the most well-known English carols in their Latin forms. Veni, Emmanuel (O Come, , O Come, Emmanuel)Veni, veni Emmanuel!Captivum solve Israel!Qui gemit in exilio,Privatus Dei Filio,Gaude, gaude, EmmanuelNascetur pro te, Israel.Veni, veni o oriens!Solare nos adveniens,Noctis depelle nebulas,Dirasque noctis tenebras.Gaude, gaude EmmanuelNascetur pro te, Israel.Veni, veni Adonai!Qui populo in SinaiLegem dedisti vertice,In Maiestate gloriae.Gaude, gaude EmmanuelNascetur pro te Israel. Regis olim urbe David (Once in Royal Davids City)Regis olim urbe David,Sub bovili misero,Mater posuit infantemIn praesaepi pro lecto:Mitis Maria mater;Iesus Christus is puer.De caelo ad nos descenditDeus, Dominus orbis;Ei tectum est bovileEt praesaepe pro cunis.Pauperum virum amatorSancte vixisti Salvator.Et puertiam per miramObservanter parebatVirgini eidem matri,Quae cum pepererat:Tentent et discipuliEsse similes ei.Nam exemplum ille nobis:Nostri crescebat instar;Parvus quondam, imbecillus,Flens et ridens nobis par,Perticeps tristitiaeIdem et laetitiae. Tandem illum nos cernemusEx amore aeterno:Puer enim ille parvusSummo regnat iam caelo,Atque eo nos ducitQuo et ipse praeiit.Nec in stabulo misello,Bubus prope stantibus,Tunc videbitur, sed celsus,Sedens Deo proximus:Comites tum coronatiCircumstabunt candidati. Adeste Fideles (O Come, All Ye Faithful)English Lyrics and history: Adeste Fideles Laeti triumphantesVenite, venite in BethlehemNatum videteRegem angelorumVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, DominumCantet nunc ioChorus angelorumCantet nunc aula caelestiumGloria, gloriaIn excelsis DeoVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, DominumErgo qui natusDie hodiernaJesu, tibi sit gloriaPatris aeterniVerbum caro factusVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, Dominum Dormi, Jesu! The Virgins Cradle-Hymn Words by S. T. Coleridge, Sibylline Leaves, 1817 Dormi, Jesu! Mater ridetQuae tam dulcem somnum videt,Dormi, Jesu! blandule!Si non dormis, Mater plorat,Inter fila cantans orat,Blande, veni, somnule. Sleep, sweet babe! my cares beguiling:Mother sits beside thee smiling;Sleep, my darling, tenderly!If thou sleep not, mother mourneth,Singing as her wheel she turneth:Come, soft slumber, balmily! Source: The Hymns and Carols of Christmas Gloria in Excelsis Deo The refrain of the French Carol translated into English as Angels We Have Heard on High is in Latin - Gloria in Excelsis Deo. Heres one version of the English version of the carol from the same online source as the last. The translation from French to English is by Bishop James Chadwick (1813–1882): 1. Angels we have heard on highSweetly singing oer the plains,And the mountains in replyEchoing their joyous strains.RefrainGloria, in excelsis Deo!Gloria, in excelsis Deo! 2. Shepherds, why this jubilee? Why your joyous strains prolong?What the gladsome tidings beWhich inspire your heavenly song? Refrain 3. Come to Bethlehem and seeHim whose birth the angels sing;Come, adore on bended knee,Christ the Lord, the newborn King. Refrain 4. See Him in a manger laid,Whom the choirs of angels praise;Mary, Joseph, lend your aid,While our hearts in love we raise. Refrain Sources Anderson, Douglas. The Hymns and Carols of Christmas, 2002.Gibbs, Laura. Gaudete, Gaudete! Latin Christmas and Holiday Songs! LatinTeach, 2010. Rickert, Edith. Ancient-English Christmas Carols. Wildside Press, 1910.Reichl, Karl. The Middle English Carol. A Companion to the Middle English Lyric. Ed. Duncan, Thomas Gibson. Cambridge: Boydell Brewer, 2005. 150–70. Robbins, R. H. The Earliest Carols and the Franciscans. Modern Language Notes 53.4 (1938): 239–45. Robbins, Rossell Hope. Middle English Carols as Processional Hymns. Studies in Philology 56.4 (1959): 559–82.